Bibliography

Harding, L. (2010). Das Königreich Benin: Geschichte - Kultur - Wirtschaft. De Gruyter Oldenbourg.

Onwuka Dike Kenneth, 1962 The Study of African History, conference proceedings presented at the First International Congress of Africanists, University of Ghana, Accra, pp.1-27, manuscript version at the médiatique of the musée du quai Branly, MH Z 2542.

Clarke, C., & Bourgeois, A. P. (2015). African art in the Barnes Foundation: The triumph of L’Art nègre and the Harlem Renaissance. Skira Rizzoli ; In association with the Barnes Foundation.

Osemwengie-Ero, O., & Owie, S. (2016). The Benin Monarchy and Ogiamien Connection: The Historical Facts. Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Aisien, E. (2017) The Eho Festival of the Benin Kingdom. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). In From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage. (pp.181-192). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Botto, L. D. (2021). Skeletal dysplasias in art and antiquities: A cultural journey through genes, environment, and chance. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, 187(2), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.31908

Curnow, K. (1997). Singular Identities: The Benin Bronze Dwarves. In S. Eisenhofer (Ed.), Kulte, Künstler, Könige in Afrika Tradition und Moderne in Südnigeria (pp. 83–96). ÖO Landesmuseum.

Karpinski, P. (1984). A Benin Bronze Horseman at the Merseyside County Museum. African Arts, 17(2), 54–62, 88–89. https://doi.org/10.2307/3336222

Ben-Amos, P. (1976). Men and Animals in Benin Art. Man, 11(2), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.2307/2800208

Connah, G. (1975). The archaeology of Benin: Excavations and other researches in and around Benin City, Nigeria. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Okpokunu, E., Agbontaen‐Eghafona, K. A., & Ojo, P. O. (2005). Benin dressing in contemporary Nigeria: Social change and the crisis of cultural identity. African Identities, 3(2), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725840500235506

Kaplan, F. E. S. (2006). Making and Remaking National Identities. In A Companion to Museum Studies (pp. 152–169). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996836.ch10

Ben-Amos, D. (1975). Sweet Words: Storytelling Events in Benin. Institute for the Study of Human Issues.

Ben-Amos, P. (1978). Owina N’Ido: Royal Weavers of Benin. African Arts, 11(4), 49–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/3335344

Aisien, E. (2015). The Benin City Pilgrimage Stations. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Thomas, N. W. (1910). Anthropological report on the Edo-speaking peoples of Nigeria. London: Harrison and Sons. http://archive.org/details/anthropologicalr00thom

Osadolor, O. B. (2001). The Military System of Benin Kingdom, c. 1440—1897 [PhD, University of Hamburg]. https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/3156/2/Disse.pdf

Ryder, A. F. C. (1969). Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897. New York: Humanities Press. Accessible via: https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/handle/20.500.14186/486

Suzanne Preston Blier. (1998). The Royal Arts of Africa: The Majesty of Form. New York: H.N. Abrams. http://archive.org/details/royalartsofafric00blie

Neaher Maas, N., & Peek, P. M. (2020). Summoning the Ancestors: Southern Nigerian Bronzes. Los Angeles: Fowler Museum UCLA.

Bodenstein, F. (2020). Une typologie des prises de butin à Benin City en février 1897. Monde(s), 17(1), 57–77.

Allman, R. (1897). With the Punitive Expedition to Benin CIty. The Lancet, 150(3853), 43–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)06870-8

Fagg, W. (1953). 261. The Allman Collection of Benin Antiquities. Man, 53, 165–169. https://doi.org/10.2307/2793922

Bodenstein, F. (2019). Cinq masques de l’Iyoba Idia du royaume de Bénin: Vies sociales et trajectoire d’un objet multiple. Perspective. La Revue de l’INHA, 2, 227–238.

Hicks, D. (2020). The Brutish Museums. The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. London: Pluto Press.

Osagie, E. (2017). Emorho: The New Yam Ceremony. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 203–222). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Bodenstein, F. (2022). Getting the Benin Bronzes Back to Nigeria: The Art Market and the Formation of National Collections and Concepts of Heritage in Benin City and Lagos. In D. Otoiu, E.-M. Troelenberg, & F. Bodenstein (Eds.), Contested Holdings: Museum Collections in Political, Epistemic and Artistic Processes of Return (pp. 220–241). Berghahn Books.

Africa 6, White Book or Parliamentary Papers relating to the Massacre of British Officials near Benin and the consequent Punitive Expedition. Parliamentary Papers No. 6. (1898). Harrison and Sons.

Phillips, B. (2021). Loot: Britain and the Benin Bronzes.. London: Oneworld Publications.

Docherty, P. (2022). Blood and Bronze: The British Empire and the Sack of Benin. London: Hurst Publishers.

Waterfield, H., & King, J. (2006). Provenance. Twelve Collectors of Ethnographic Art in England, 1760-1990. Paris, Geneva: Somogy Barbier-Mueller Museum.

Hicks, D. (2021). The University of Oxford's Benin 1897 Collections: an Interim Report. Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford. https://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/prm/documents/media/benin_collections_interim_report_dan_hicks-2.pdf

Home, R. (1982). City of blood revisited: A new look at the Benin expedition of 1897. London: Rex Collings.

Dawson, L. (1949). Sound of the Guns, being an account of the wars and service of Admiral Sir Walter Cowan. Oxford: Pen-in-Hand.

Roth. F. N. (1903). “A Diary of a Surgeon with the Benin Punitive Expedition”. In Roth, H. L. (1903). Great Benin: Its Customs, Art and Horrors. F. King & Sons.

Rawson. H. H. (1897) "Dispatches". The London Gazette, May 7, pp. 2517–2521.

Eghibamien, E. (2017). Ugie-Ewere. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 223–228). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Galway, H. L. (1938). Benin: Altars and Compounds. Ethnologica Cranmorensis, 3, 2–5.

Galway, H. L. (1914). Lecture by Leit.-Colonel Sir Henry L. Galway, K.C.M.G., D.S.O., Before the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia on July 14, 1914. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, 16, 77–105.

Bodenstein, F. (202). 'A Regular Harvest of Loot’, the Practice and Vocabulary of taking cultural objects: The case of Benin City in 1897. In B. Savoy, M. Lagatz, & F. Bodenstein (Eds.), Translocations. Histories of Dislocated Cultural Assets (pp. 220–241). Transcript.

Gallwey, H. L. (1893). Journeys in the Benin Country, West Africa. The Geographical Journal, 1(2), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.2307/1773754

Lidchi, H. (2022). Koloniale Logiken und mit Benin City zusammenhängende Regiments Sammlungen. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin. Geraubte Geschichte (pp. 98–108). Hamburg: MARKK. Museum am Rothenbaum Kulturen und Künste der Welt.

Sales at Auction (1923). The Times, 18 April, p.9.

Stevens’s Auction Rooms Ltd. (1928). Benin Bronzes and Ivories, collected by Ralph Locke, Esq. Furniture, Pictures, China, etc. 3 January, 1928.

Boisragon, A. M. (1897). The Benin Massacre. Methuen & Co. https://archive.org/details/beninmassacre00bois_0

Foster's Auction House (1930). Catalogue of Highly Important Bronzes, Ivory & Wood Carvings from the Walled City of Benin, West Africa Forming the Collection of the late G.W. Neville, Esq., of Weylea, Weybridge, a member of the Benin Punitive Expedition, who himself removed them after the capture of the City in 1897. Thursday, May 1st, 1930, at the Galleries, 54, Pall Mall.

Igiehon, I. (2017) The Traditonal Burial Ceremony. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). In From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage. (pp.229-240). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A. (1997). Science and Technology in the Benin Environment. In J. O. Igbinokpogie, M. B. Lawal, & J. U. Ekhator (Eds.), The Benin Kingdom Historical and Environmental Perspectives. Lagos: NCF/WWF-UK.

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A. (2003). A Toponymical Investigation of Benin City, Nigeria. Nomina Africana: Journal of the Names Society of Southern Africa, 17(2), 67–78.

Aigbe, E. I. (1960). Iyeva yan ariasen vbe itan Edo, na zedu ere ye Ebo = 1040 Edo proverbs, with their English translations. Lagos: Ribway Printers.

Aisien, E. (2006). The Edo man of the twentieth century. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Aisien, E. (1991). Erediauwa, Prince of Benin. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Aisien, E. (1995). Benin City: The Edo State Capital. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Usuanlele, U. (2018). The Oramiyan-Eweka Dynasty. In Benin Traditional Council (Ed.). The Benin Monarchy: Anthology of Benin History (pp. 49–58). Benin City: Wells-Crimson and Oba Ewuare II Foundation

Aisien, E. (2011). Iwu: The Body Markings of the Edo People (Second Edition). Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Aisien, E. (2012). Ewuare: The Oba of Benin. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Aisien, E. (2013a). Aisien: Son of Erhunmwunsee and the British—The 1897 War. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Aisien, E. (2013b). Christianity and Benin City. Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Aisien, E. (2014). Erediauwa Prince of Benin: AD 1816 Coup d’Etat (ed.). Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Aisien, E. (2015a). Elegbe, Prince of Benin and the Orhionmwon territories: A history of Benin. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Aisien, E. (2015). The Benin City Pilgrimage Stations (2nd Edition). Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Aisien, E. (2017). The Eho Festival of the Benin Kingdom. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.), From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 181–192). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Bendel Arts Council (1993). The Bini Marriage Custom in Bendel State. The Research & Extension Services Division, Bendel Arts Council.

Borgatti, J. (2020). Beyond Benin: The Kingdom’s Cultural Impact. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 101–124). Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Edebiri, D. U. (2005). Benin Historical Essays. Benin City: Allen Publishers.

Coombes, A. E. (1994). Reinventing Africa: Museums, material culture, and popular imagination in late Victorian and Edwardian England. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Ebohon, Ọ. (1972). Cultural Heritage of Benin. Benin City: Midwest Newspaper Corporation.

Ebohon, Ọ. (1979). Eguae Oba n’Edo: The Palace of the Oba of Benin. Benin City: Eribo Printers.

Ebohon, O. (2019). Eguae Oba N’Edo: The Palace of the Oba of Benin (ed.). Benin City: Ebohon Centre Publication.

Edebiri, D. U. (2004). Moonlight at Noon. Benin City: Allen Publishers.

Edebiri, D. U. (2005). Benin Historical Essays (ed.). Benin City: Allen Publishers.

Edo, V. O. (2001). The Benin Monarchy, 1897-1978: A Study in Institutional Adaptation to Change [PhD Dissertation]. The University of Ibadan.

Edomwonyi, O. (1981). A short biography of Uku Akpolokpolo, Omo N’oba N’edo Akenzua II, C.M.G., C.F.R., J.P. LL.D : Oba of Benin. Benin City: Bendel Newspapers Corporation.

Edomwonyi, O. (N/A). Benin Traditional Laws on Inheritance and Contract. Benin City: Ribway Printers Ltd.

Plankensteiner, B. (2007). Benin Kings and Rituals : Court Arts from Nigeria. Ghent: Snoeck.

Egharevba, J. U. (1951). Some Stories of Ancient Benin (2nd ed.). Lagos: Ribway Printers.

Egharevba, J. U. (1956). Bini Titles. Benin City: Kopin-Dogba Press.

Egharevba, J. U. (1970). A Brief Life History of Evian. Benin City: Hollywood Printing Press.

Egharevba, J. U. (1971). The City of Benin. Benin City: Kraus Reprint.

Enobakhare, G. N. I. (1980). Some Edo Number Games. Benin City: Geero Publications.

Enobakhare, E. L. (2017). Encyclopedia of Edo Culture. Benin City: Edo Orodin Ventures.

Erediauwa, O. N. N., Uku Akpolokpolo (Ed.). (2004). I Remain, Sir Your Obedient Servant. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.

Plankensteiner, B. (2010). Benin. Milan: 5 Continents Editions.

Erhahon, I. B. E. (1998). Ẹdo proverbs and figures of speech: Comprising 2,050 Ẹdo idiomatic expressions with English translation. Benin City: Uniben Press.

Evinma, O. (1974). Edo Culture (Modern Essays). Lagos: University of Lagos.

Eweka, E. B. (1992). Evolution of Benin Chieftaincy Titles. Benin City: Uniben Press.

Gunsch, K. W. (2018). The Benin Plaques. A 16th century Imperial Monument. Routledge.

Igbafe, P. A. (1979). Benin under British administration: The impact of colonial rule on an African kingdom, 1897-1938. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press.

Igbafe, P. A. (2016). The Nemesis Of Power: Agho Obaseki And Benin Politics, 1897-1956 (ed). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Igbe, S. O. U. (2019). Uzama and the Benin Monarchy. Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Igiehon, I. (2017). The Traditional Burial Ceremony. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.), From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 229–240). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Curnow, K. (2007). Cultural Flow and Cultural Breakwaters: Art Connecting the Benin Kingdom with the Coast. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.). _Benin. Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria _(pp. 170–184). Ghent: Snoeck.

Kaplan, F. E. S., & Shea, M. A. (1981). Images of Power. Art of the Royal Court of Benin. Museum Studies Program, New York University.

Nevadomsky, J. (2020). The Benin Army and Armaments in Benin Kingdom Cultural History. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 159–190). Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Norborg, Å. (1992). The musical instruments of the Edo-speaking peoples of south-western Nigeria. Stockholm: Musikmuseets.

Omoregie, I. P. (2012). Heroines in Pre-Colonial Benin, their Lives and Transformation: Brave women. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.

Omoregie, O. S. B. (1997a). Great Benin 1: The Age of Iso Norho (850 BC-600 AD) (Vol. 1). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Omoregie, O. S. B. (1997b). Great Benin 2: The Age of Odionwere (600-900 AD) (Vol. 2). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Omoregie, O. S. B. (1997c). Great Benin 3: The Age of Ogiso Foundation (900-1050 AD) (Vol. 3). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Omoregie, O. S. B. (1997d). Great Benin 4: The Age of Ogiso Reform (1050-1130 AD) (Vol. 4). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Omoregie, O. S. B. (1997e). Great Benin 5: The Age of Ikaladerhan (1130-1200 AD) (Vol. 5). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Osadolor, B. (2018). ‘Benin Kingdom: The Growth of an African Civilisation’. In Benin Traditional Council (Ed.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 9–22). Benin City: Wells-Crimson and Oba Ewuare II Foundation.

Ezra, K., & Perls, K. (1992). Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://books.google.de/books?id=Q8PDPDRgO4sC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

Omoregie, O. S. B. (2009). Ero and the Kings of Benin: A History of the Ero Heritage in Benin (930—2000 AD). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Omoregie, O. S. B. (2010). Iyase and the Kings of Benin: A History of Iyase Leadership in Benin 1250—2000AD. NARESO Publishers Limited.

Omoruyi, A. (1981). Benin Anthology: Vol. 1. Benin City: Cultural Publications.

Omoruyi, A. (1986). Benin Series: A New Dimension in Benin Studies. Nigerian Review of Art, Culture & History (Vol. 1). Benin City: Cultural Publications.

Oronsaye, D. N. (1995). The History of Ancient Benin Kingdom and Empire. Daniel Nabuleleorogi Oronsaye.

Osadolor, O. B. (2001a). The Military System of Benin Kingdom, 1440-1897. University of Hamburg.

Osemwegie, I. (1965). Poems in Bini. London: Macmillan & Co Ltd.

Nevadomsky, J. (2020). The Identification of the “Bird of Prophecy” in Benin Kingdom Art. African Arts, 53(1), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00516

Osemwegie-Ero, O. (2000). Guideline on Traditional Marriage and Order of Celebration in Benin Kingdom. Benin City: Erosa Sunlink Publications.

Osemwegie-Ero, O. (2003). Igue and Other Festivals in Benin Kingdom. Benin City: Osunero Consult Publications.

Osemwegie-Ero, O. (1999). The History of Benin: Ogiso Dynasties (40 BC-1200 AD). Benin City: Ero Publishers.

Pitt-Rivers, A. H. L.-F. (1900). Antique works of art from Benin. London: Printed Privately.

Usuanlele, U. (1988). State and Class in Benin Division 1897-1959: A History of Colonial Domination and Class Formation [Masters]. Department of History, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences: Ahmadu Bello University.

Usuanlele, U. (2003). Colonialism and The Environment: The Deforestation of The Rainforest of the Benin and Ishan Divisions, 1897-1960 [PhD]. University of Ibadan.

Bodenstein, F. (2021). Ein letztes Festhalten. 1961. In B. Savoy, M. Lagatz, & P. Sissis (Eds.), Beute: Ein Bildatlas zu Kunstraub und Kulturerbe (pp. 160–163). Berlin: Matthes & Seitz.

Read, C. H., & Dalton, O. M. (1899). Antiquities from the city of Benin and from other parts of West Africa in the British Museum. British Museum. http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/u?/p16028coll4,10013

Hall, H. A. (1928). A Large Drum from Benin. The Museum Journal, XIX(2), 130–143. https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/journal/19-2/large_drum_benin.pdf

Stoecker, H. (2022). „... Schweigend umgehen“. Zum Umgang der DDR mit Forderungen nach Rückgabe von Museumsobjekten kolonialer Provenienz. In L. Cladders & K. Kratz-Kessemeier (Eds.), Museen in der DDR. Akteure—Orte—Politik (pp. 127–148). Köln: Böhlau.

Emeriewen, K. O., & Kalilu, R. O. R. (2015). Emerging trends in blacksmithing in Benin City, Nigeria. Journal of Science and Technology of the Arts7(2), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.7559/citarj.v7i2.153

Bodenstein, F. (2018). Notes for a Long-Term Approach to the Price History of Brass and Ivory Objects taken from the Kingdom of Benin in 1897. In C. Howald, B. Savoy, & C. Guichard (Eds.), Acquiring Cultures. World Art on Western Markets (pp. 276–288). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter.

Biro, Y., Dagen, P., Maurice, D., Murphy, M., & Martin, S. (2013). Charles Ratton: L’invention des arts primitifs. Musée du Quai Branly: Skira Flammarion.

Exposition de bronzes et ivoires du royaume de Bénin, 15 juin-15 juillet 1932. (1932). Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Musée d’ethnographie, Palais du Trocadéro.

Reuther, S., & Schulze, S. (Eds.). (2018). Raubkunst? Die Bronzen aus Benin im Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg. Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe.

Hale & Son. (1897). Catalogue of a collection of Carved Ivory Tusks and Metal Idol, Belle & C., (Captured at the fall of Benin City), And supposed to be some thousands of years old. To be sold by Auction by Hale & Son.

Stein, S. A. (2008). Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce. New Haven: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300127362.001.0001

Penny, H. G. (2002). Objects of Culture: Ethnology and Ethnographic Museums in Imperial Germany. University of North Carolina Press.

Thode-Arora, H. (1992). Die Familie Umlauff und ihre Firmen–Ethnographica-Händler in Hamburg. Mitteilungen Aus Dem Museum Für Völkerkunde Hamburg, 22, 143–158.

Bradbury, R. E. (2018). Benin Studies. African Ethnographic Studies of the 20th Century (Vol. 10). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351031264

Allingham, E. G. (1924). A Romance of the Rostrum; being the business life of Henry Stevens and the history of thirty-eight King street, together with some account of famous sales held there during the last hundred years. London: H. F & G. Witherby & Co.

Stevens, J. C. (1909). A Catalogue of African Curios & Trophies, Benin Bronzes, Ivory Carvings etc. The Collection of Dr. W. J. Ansorge. Pettitt & Cox; Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. https://smb.museum-digital.de/pdf/object/182811.pdf

Stevens, J. C. (1902). A Catalogue of Benin Bronzes, Cast & Hammered Brass, Wrought iron, Carved Ivory & Wood. Pettitt & Cox.

Stevens, J. C. (1898). _Curiosities. To be sold on Monday, March 7th, 1898. _London: Pettitt & Cox.

Stevens, J. C. (1898). Curiosities. To be sold on Monday, April 4th, 1898. London: Pettitt & Cox.

Stevens, J. C. (1897). A Catalogue of Curiosities from Benin (Captured at the fall of the City) consisting of carved ivory tusks, bronzes, plaques, castings, &c., 38 King Street, Covent Garden, London, August 24 1897. London: Pettitt & Cox.

Hans, R., Lidchi, H., & Schmidt, A. (2021). Provenance # 2: The Benin collections at the National Museum of World Cultures (F. W. Veys, Ed.; Vol. 2). Sidestone Press; National Museum van Wereldculturen. https://issuu.com/tropenmuseum/docs/2021_provenance_2__benin__e-book

Bedorf, F. (2021). Traces of History. Connecting the Kingdom of Benin with the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum in Cologne. Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum, Köln. Köln: Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum. http://www.museenkoeln.de/Downloads/rjm/Benin%20Bronzes%20RJM%20Report%20Bedorf_030321.pdf

Dau, J. (2022). Provenienzforschung zur Hamburger Benin-Sammlung. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin. Geraubte Geschichte (pp. 177–198). Hamburg: Museum am Rothenbaum Kulturen und Künste der Welt.

Gunsch, K.W. (2017). The Benin Plaques: A 16th Century Imperial Monument. London: Routledge. doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351254601

Foster’s Auction House. (1931). A Catalogue of Benin Bronzes, Ivory & Wood Carvings, West African, Mexican and Peruvian Curios and Native Weapons. The property of Capt. Shelford, also part of the collection of Dr. Robert Allman, C.M.G., and from various sources. Sold at 54 Pall Mall, Thursday, November 26, 1931.

Foster’s Auction House. (1930). A Catalogue of West African, American and Oceanic Curios. Benin Bronzes and Ivory and Wood Carvings, Etc., from several collections Revd. E. E. Hill of West Malling, Admiral Seymour E. Erskine. Sold at 54 Pall Mall, Thursday, June 26, 1930.

Foster’s Auction House. (1931). Catalogue of Fine Bronzes, Ivory and Wood Carvings from the Walled City of Benin, West Africa. The Property of an Officer who was in the Benin Expedition , and from various sources. Also Chinese bronzes, Iron Heads and Curios Consigned from Shanghai. Sold at 54 Pall Mall, Thursday, July 16, 1931.

Foster’s Auction House. (1932). A Catalogue of Fine Benin Bronzes and Ivory Carvings and West African Native Wood Carvings and Curios. The Collection of a Naval Officer part of the Collection of the late Dr. Robert Allman various other Collections. Sold at 54 Pall Mall, Thursday, January 1, 1932.

Sunderland, D. (2013). Managing the British Empire: The Crown Agents, 1833-1914. Boydell Press.

Hart, W. A. (1995). African Art in the National Museum of Ireland. African Arts, 28(2), 35–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337224

Griffin, G. G. (1974). A Memorial: J. Lionberger Davis, 1878-1973. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University, 33(2), 19–21. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3774531

Jones, F. F. (1974). J. Lionberger Davis: His Gifts to the Art Museum. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University, 33(2), 21–23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3774532

Abbe, J. E. (2020). History and Performance of Ugie-Oro Ritual Dance of the Benin People of Edo State. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 389–422). Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Fagg, W. B. (1970). Divine Kingship in Africa. London: The British Museum.

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. (2018). The Guilds of Benin: Artefacts, Antiquities and Arts. In C. Benin Traditional (Ed.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 221–233). Benin City: Well-Crimson and Oba Ewuare II Foundation.

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A., Ogunje, A. A., & Oladipupo, A. O. (1996). The Impluvium-Courtyard (Oto-Eghodo) in Indigenous Benin Architecture. The Nigeria Field, 61(1–2), 54–64.

Agunloye, I. I. (2020). Gender Politics in Historiography of Pre-Colonial Benin. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 71–98). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Aisien, E. (2017). Ughoton. Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Ebuka-Onuoha, I. P. (2018). Heroines and Queen Mothers of Benin Kingdom. In Benin Traditional Council & Oba Ewuare II Foundation (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 239–266). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Ediagbonya, M. (2018). Oba Erediauwa: The Philosopher King. In Oba Ewuare II Foundation & Benin Traditional Council (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 361–395). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Edo, V. O. (2018). Oba Akenzua II: The Grandeur of Royalty. In Benin Traditional Council & Oba Ewuare II Foundation (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 333–355). Benin CIty: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Ekhator, O. G. (2017). Akobie: An Aspect of Childhood Ritual, Indigenous Education and Socialisation in Benin Kingdom. Umewaen: Journal of Benin and Edo Studies, 2, 41–60.

Ekhator-Obogie, O. G. (2018). Usupkorhu: Defending the Oba and His Harem. In Benin Traditional Council Editorial Board & Oba Ewuare II Foundation (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 281–287). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Ekhator-Obogie, O. G. (2020). Ame-Ogba: The Introduction and Provision of Pipe-Borne Water in Benin City 1897-1940s. In U. Usuanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 296–315). Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Junge, P. (2007). Age Determination of commemorative Heads: The Example of the Berlin Collection in B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. (pp.184-197). Ghent: Snoeck.

Ekhator-Obogie, O. G., & Imuentiyan, F. (2018). Oba Eweka II: The Resilience of the Monarchy. In Benin Traditional Council & Oba Ewuare II Foundation (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 317–324). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Igbafe, P. A. (2018). Oba Ovonramwen N’Ogbaisi: The Last King of Independent Benin Kingdom. In Benin Traditional Council & Oba Ewuare II Foundation (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 295–309). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Igbe, S. O. U. (2017). The Nine Gates of Old Benin City. In From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 303–306). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Ikponmwonsa, F. (2020). Gelegele and the Origin of the Benin (Ughoton) and Izon Conflict Since the 1960s. In U. Usuanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 316–332). Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Isekhure, N. (2017). Origin and Significance of Igue Festival. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.), From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 203–221). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Osadolor, O. B. (2007). Warfare, Warriors and Weapons in the Pre-Colonial Kingdom of Benin. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria (pp. 73–81). Ghent: Snoeck.

Osawaru, I. R., & Eghafona, K. A. (2004). An Assessment of the Benin Guild of Bronze Casters for Tourism Potentials in Nigeria. South-South Journal of Culture and Development, 6(2), 81–103.

Osemwegie-Ero, O. (2008). A History of Ero Family and the Seven Kingmakers of Benin Kingdom (1200-2008 A.D). Benin City: Osun Ero Consult Publications.

Usuanlele, U. (Ed.). (2020). Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien. Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Uwa-Igbinoba, I. B. E. (2014). Aspects of Ẹdo Greetings: Uniqueness and Significance. Benin City: Ivie Cultural Organisation.

Willett, F., Torsney, B., & Ritchie, M. (1994). Composition and Style: An Examination of the Benin ‘Bronze’ Heads. African Arts, 27(3), 61–102. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337202

Uwa-Igbinoba, I. B. E. (2020). Perceptions of Women in Edo Proverbs. In U. Usuanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 372–386). Institute for Benin Studies.

Plankensteiner, B. (2016). The Benin treasures: Difficult legacy and contested heritage. In B. Hauser-Schäublin & L. V. Prott (Eds.), Cultural Property and Contested Ownership: The Trafficking of Artefacts and the Quest for Restitution (pp. 132–166). London: Routledge.

Coulson, I., Hudson, J., & Nixon, S. (forthcoming). Shifting Approaches, Innovative Methods: Collection Histories as a Tool to Move Beyond William Fagg’s ‘Lower Niger Bronze Industry Mystery’. Artl@s Bulletin.

British Museum website (n.d.). Sir Arthur Vyell Vyvyan. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/AUTH235064

British Museum website (n.d.). Capt Charles Campbell. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG121884

Wikipedia (2022). Merton Simpson. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_Simpson

British Museum website (n.d.). Lieutenant Dr Robert Allman. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG120638

Agorha database (n.d.). Carré, Louis. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://agorha.inha.fr/ark:/54721/40ba4315-52eb-4f78-a0fe-c63fa6e20ccb

British Museum website (n.d.). Lieutenant Herbert Alexander Child. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/AUTH230808

British Museum website (n.d.). Major William Alexander Crawford Cockburn. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG122242

Schaefer, S. (1983). Benin Commemorative Heads. In P. Ben-Amos & A. Rubin (Eds.), The Art of Power The Power of Art: Studies in Benin Iconography (pp. 51–58). Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, UCLA.

Antique Dealers project website (n.d.). Fenton and Sons. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://antiquetrade.leeds.ac.uk/dealerships/33973

British Museum website (n.d.). Dr John Patrick Howe. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG124649

British Museum website (n.d.). Major General Sir Frederick William Bainbridge Landon. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG125342

British Museum website (n.d.). Adm Sir George le Clerc Egerton. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG123071

British Museum website (n.d.). Ralph Frederick Locke. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG125641

British Museum website (n.d.). Sir Ralph Moor. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG126392

British Museum website (n.d.). William F C Ohly. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG13014

Dreadnought Project (2022). Edmund Radcliffe Pears. Accessed on June 27 2022. http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Edmund_Radcliffe_Pears

Agorha database (n.d.). Ratton, Charles. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://agorha.inha.fr/ark:/54721/3db2faca-fb09-4e5b-bc7d-139119cf2260

Agorha database (n.d.). Rollin, Claude Camille. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://agorha.inha.fr/ark:/54721/f9c71ae9-6b9f-486a-9b35-73efdc146279

Struck, B. (1923). Chronologie der Benin-Altertümer. Zeitschrift Für Ethnographie, 15(5/6), 113–166. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23031566

Agorha database (n.d.). Feuardent, Félix Bienaimé. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://agorha.inha.fr/ark:/54721/4eb3bc3c-7638-4f8b-ba24-ac8f8af0db49

British Museum website (n.d.). Rollin & Feuardent. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG62838

British Museum website (n.d.). Captain Ernest Percy Stuart Roupell. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG127770

Schultz, M. (2016). "Arthur Speyer – drei Generationen Sammler und Händler". KUNST&KONTEXT, February. (pp. 5-8).

Buschmann, R. F. (n.d.). The Umlauff Family. Prominent Ethnographica Traders Based in Hamburg. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.oceanicart.com/PROVENANCE/Umlauff-Family/1

British Museum website (n.d.). George Fabian Lawrence. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG73407

Dash, Mike (2013). ‘The Commoner Who Salvaged a King’s Ransom’. Smithsonian Magazine. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-commoner-who-salvaged-a-kings-ransom-153162/

Werner, O. (1970). Metallurgische Untersuchungen der Benin-Bronzen des Museums für Völkerkunde Berlin. Teil I. Beitrag zur Systematik der Benin-Legierungen. Baessler-Archiv, 18, 71–153.

Werner, O. (1978). Metallurgische Untersuchungen der Benin-Bronzen des Museums für Völkerkunde Berlin. Teil I. Beitrag zur Frage der Datierung der Messinge und der Herkunft des Rohmaterials. Baessler-Archiv, 26, 333–439.

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A. (2018). From Oba Oranmiyan to Oba Ewuare II. In Benin Traditional Council (Ed.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 65–96). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewuare Foundation.

Curnow, K. (1997). The Art of Fasting: Benin’s Ague Ceremony. African Arts, 30(4), 46–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337553

Nevadomsky, J. (1997). Palace of Benin. In P. Oliver (Ed.), Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world (Vol. 3, pp. 2037–2038). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofve0000unse_v8x6

Völger, G. (2007). Curator, Trader, Benin Scholar. Felix von Luschan—An Austrian in Royal-Prussian Museum Service. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria (pp. 213–225). Ghent: Snoeck.

Hellman, A. H. (2014). The Grounds for Museological Experiments: Developing the Colonial Museum Project in British Nigeria. Journal of Curatorial Studies, 3(1), 74–96. https://doi.org/10.1386/jcs.3.1.74_1

Hellman, A. H. (n.d.). Developing The Colonial Museum Project in British Nigeria [Ph.D., Emory University]. Retrieved 29 July 2022, from https://www.proquest.com/docview/1467753209/295A2ED7A8054724PQ/1

Illner, E., Wilde, M., Ising-Alms, H., & Tisa-Francini, E. (2013). Eduard von der Heydt: Kunstsammler, Bankier, Mäzen. München: Prestel Verlag.

Igbafe, P. A. (1970). The Fall of Benin: A Reassessment. The Journal of African History, 11(3), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700010215

Ratté, M. L. (1972). Imperial looting and the case of Benin. [Masters, University of Massachusetts Amherst]. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/1898

Fagg, W. B., Bassani, E., & Willett, F. (1991). One Hundred Notes on Nigerian Art from Christie’s Catalogues 1974-1990: A Selected Anthology (Vol. 7). Carlo Monzino.

Kilb, A., & Trinks, S. (2019, January 3). Streitgespräch über Beutekunst: War Humboldt Kolonialist? Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. FAZ. https://www.faz.net/-gsf-9i9s0

Herbert, E. W. (1984). Red Gold of Africa: Copper in Precolonial History and Culture. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.

Peraldi, A., & Schlothauer, A. (2020). Objekte aus dem Königreich Benin in Schweizer Museen. Kunst Und Kontext, 20, 4–25. http://audreyperaldi.com/txt/2020_peraldi_schlothauer_Objekte_aus_dem_Koenigreich_Benin_in_Schweizer_Museen.pdf

Murray, K. C. (1942). Art in Nigeria: The Need for a Museum. Journal of the Royal African Society, 41(165), 241–249.

Borgman, C. L. (2015). Big data, little data, no data: Scholarship in the networked world. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Brown, K. (Ed.). (2020). The Routledge Companion to Digital Humanities and Art History. New York: Routledge.

Burdick, A. (Ed.). (2012). Digital Humanities. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

D’Ignazio, C., Klein, L. F., & Schnaubelt, T. (2020). Data Feminism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

Groĭs, B. (2021). Logic of the collection. London: Sternberg Press.

Hooland, S. van, & Verborgh, R. (2014). Linked data for libraries, archives and museums: How to clean, link and publish your metadata. London: Facet Publishing.

Krabbe Meyer, M. K., & Odumosu, T. (2020). One-Eyed Archive: Metadata Reflections on the USVI Photographic Collections at The Royal Danish Library. Digital Culture & Society, 6(2), 35–62. https://doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2020-0204

Lincoln, M. D. (2016). Linked Open Realities: The Joys and Pains of Using LOD for Research. Matthew Lincoln, PhD. https://matthewlincoln.net/2016/06/06/linked-open-realities-the-joys-and-pains-of-using-lod-for-research.html

Johansson, S.O., & Learmonth, J. (1967). Nigerian Currencies: Manillas, cowries and others (ed.) Norrköping: Alfa-Tryck.

Lóscio, B. F., Burle, C., & Calegari, N. (2017). Data on the Web Best Practices. https://www.w3.org/TR/dwbp/

Loukissas, Y. A. (2019). All Data Are Local: Thinking Critically in a Data-Driven Society. Cambridge: Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?bknumber=8709328

Luther, A., Neely, L., & Weinard, C. (2019). Cultural Collections as Data: Aiming for Digital Data Literacy and Tool Development – MW19 | Boston. https://mw19.mwconf.org/proposal/cultural-collections-as-data-aiming-for-digital-data-literacy-and-tool-development/index.html

Odumosu, T. (2020). The Crying Child: On Colonial Archives, Digitization, and Ethics of Care in the Cultural Commons. Current Anthropology, 61(S22), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1086/710062

Open Restitution Africa. (2022). Access for Who? Open Restitution Africa. https://openrestitution.africa/resources/podcast/

Pavis, M., & Wallace, A. (2019). Response to the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report: Statement on Intellectual Property Rights and Open Access relevant to the digitization and restitution of African Cultural Heritage and associated materials. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.2620597

Sher, J. A. (1978). The use of computers in museums:present situation and problems. Museum International, XXX(n° 3/4), 132–138, illus.

German Contact Point for Collections from Colonial Contexts: Benin-Bronzes in Germany. (2021). https://www.cp3c.org/benin-bronzes/

Vane, O. (2019). Timeline design for visualising cultural heritage data [PhD, Royal College of Art]. https://researchonline.rca.ac.uk/4325/1/TimelineDesignForVisualisingCulturalHeritageData_OliviaVane_redacted.pdf

Waibel, G., LeVan, R. R., & Washburn, B., OCLC Research. (2010). Museum data exchange: Learning how to share : final report to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2010/2010-02.pdf

Dean, C. (1983). The Individual and the Ancestral: Ikegobo and Ukhurhe. In P. Ben-Amos & A. Rubin (Eds.), The Art of Power The Power of Art: Studies in Benin Iconography (pp. 33–40). Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, UCLA.

Whitehead, C. (2009). Museums and the construction of disciplines: Art and archaeology in nineteenth-century Britain. London: Duckworth.

Turner, H. (2020). Cataloguing culture: Legacies of colonialism in museum documentation. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.

Plankensteiner, B. (Ed.). (2022). Benin. Geraubte Geschichte. Hamburg: Museum am Rothenbaum Kulturen und Künste der Welt.

Turner, H. (2015). Decolonizing Ethnographic Documentation: A Critical History of the Early Museum Catalogs at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 53(5–6), 658–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2015.1010112

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A. (1988). Change and Continuity in Traditional Institutions. The Benin Example. In B. W. Andah (Ed.), Africa and the Lakato Hypothesis: Essays in Africa’s Social Archaeology (Vol. 18, pp. 111–124).

Bassani, E., & Mcleod, M. D. (1989). Jacob Epstein collector. La Stamperia Artistica Nazionale.

Fabian, J. (1983). Time and the Other: How anthropology makes its object. New York: Columbia University Press.

Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport. (2018). Culture is Digital. Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/687519/TT_v4.pdf

Directorate-General for the Information Society and Media (European Commission) Now known as, Lévy, M., Niggemann, E., & De Decker, J. (2011). The new renaissance: Report of the "comité des sages on bringing Europe’s cultural heritage online. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2759/45571

Freyer, B. (1987). Royal Benin Art In the Collection of the National Museum of African Art. Washington D.C.: The National Museum of African Art by the Smithsonian Institution Press.

Bassani, E. and Fagg, W. B. (1988) Africa and the Renaissance: art in ivory. New York: The Center for African Art and Prestel-Verlag Pub.

Omoregbe, E. (2020). Basic Linguistic Features in Edo Writing System: A Case for Uniformity. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 335–352). Institute for Benin Studies.

Obazee, G. O. (2020). The Writing of Edo Language. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 353–371). Institute for Benin Studies.

Savoy, B. (2021). Afrikas Kampf um seine Kunst: Geschichte einer postkolonialen Niederlage. C. H. Beck.

Atairu, M. (2021). Benin Bronze Tracker – Benin Bronze Tracker. http://beninbronzetracker.minneatairu.com/

Hertzog A. & Uzebu-Imarhiagbe E. (2023) Collaborative Provenance Research in Swiss Public Collections from the Kingdom of Benin, https://rietberg.ch/files/Forschung/Benin-Initiative/Bios-Statements-Photos_Nigeria-Delegation_Feb2023/20230202_BIS_report_def.pdf

Eisenhofer, S. & Peraldi, A. (2022). Die Sammlungen aus dem Reich Benin und aus Benin City im Museum Fünf Kontinente München, Munich, report is forthcoming and will be published on the website of the museum: https://www.museum-fuenf-kontinente.de/

Friedel, J. & Peraldi, A. (2022). Provenienzforschung zu Sammlungsobjekten aus dem Reich Benin im Welkulturen Museum Frankfurt, report is forthcoming and will be published on the website of the museum: https://www.weltkulturenmuseum.de/en/

Schlothauer, A., & Schultz, M. (2022). Die Benin-Sammlung der Reiss-Englehorn-Museen (rem) in Mannheim. Kunst & Kontext, 23, 40–79.

Langmead, A., Berg-Fulton, T., Lombardi, T., Newbury, D., & Nygren, C. (2018). A Role-Based Model for Successful Collaboration in Digital Art History, International Journal for Digital Art History, No. 3.

Walter, M., Kukutai, T., Carroll, S. R., & Rodriguez-Lonebear, D. (2020). Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Policy (M. Walter, T. Kukutai, S. R. Carroll, & D. Rodriguez-Lonebear, Eds.; 1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429273957

Curnow, K. (1983). The Afro-Portuguese Ivories: Classification And Stylistic Analysis Of A Hybrid Art Form. (Volumes I and II) (Sierra Leone, Benin). (Order No. 8317158). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. (303158674). https://www.proquest.com/docview/303158674/4EB0CB27DF3D4361PQ/1?accountid=9851

Wallace, A. (2021). Decolonization and Indigenization. Open GLAM. https://openglam.pubpub.org/pub/decolonization/release/1

Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York: New York University Press.

Thylstrup, N. B. (2018). The politics of mass digitization. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Risam, R. (2019). New digital worlds: Postcolonial digital humanities in theory, praxis, and pedagogy. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.

Pendergrass, K. L., Sampson, W., Walsh, T., & Alagna, L. (2019). Toward Environmentally Sustainable Digital Preservation. The American Archivist, 82(1), 165–206. https://doi.org/10.17723/0360-9081-82.1.165

Survey of GLAM open access policy and practice (Douglas McCarthy and Dr. Andrea Wallace, CC BY 4.0, 2018 to present). (2018). Google Docs. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/1/d/1WPS-KJptUJ-o8SXtg00llcxq0IKJu8eO6Ege_GrLaNc/edit?usp=embed_facebook&usp=embed_facebook

Katyal, S. K. (2017). Technoheritage. California Law Review, 105(4). https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38PN8XF0T

Douglas, S., & Hayes, M. (2019). Giving Diligence Its Due: Accessing Digital Images in Indigenous Repatriation Efforts. Heritage, 2(2), 1260–1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020081

Christen, K., & Anderson, J. (2019). Toward slow archives. Archival Science, 19(2), 87–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-019-09307-x

Christen, K. (2009). Access and Accountability: The Ecology of Information Sharing in the Digital Age. Anthropology News, 50(4), 4–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-3502.2009.50404.x

Fagg, W. P., & Fagg, W. B. (1959). Afro-portuguese ivories. London: Batchworth Press.

Chander, A., & Sunder, M. (2004). The Romance of the Public Domain. California Law Review, 92(5), 1331. https://doi.org/10.2307/3481419

Bowrey, K., & Anderson, J. (2009). The Politics of Global Information Sharing: Whose Cultural Agendas Are Being Advanced? Social & Legal Studies, 18(4), 479–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663909345095

Cameron, F., & Kenderdine, S. (Eds.). (2010). Theorizing digital cultural heritage: A critical discourse. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Research Data Alliance International Indigenous Data Sovereignty Interest Group. (2019). "CARE Principles of Indigenous Data Governance". The Global Indigenous Data Alliance. https://www.gida-global.org/care

Lixinski, L. (2020). Digital Heritage Surrogates, Decolonization, and International Law: Restitution, Control, and the Creation of Value as Reparations and Emancipation. Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2 (6), 65–86. https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSNR.20.011.13014

Pavis, M., & Wallace, A. (2020). SCuLE Response for the EMRIP Report on repatriation of ceremonial objects and human remains under the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3760293

Janke, T. (1998). Our Culture: Our Future – Report on Australian Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights. Canberra: AIATSIS. https://www.terrijanke.com.au/our-culture-our-future

Rosen, N. (1989). Chalk Iconography in Olokun Worship. African Arts, 22(3), 44-53+88. https://doi.org/10.2307/3336778

Ceci, L. (2022). Mobile internet usage worldwide. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/779/mobile-internet/

Hakluyt, R. (2014). A voyage to Benin beyond the countrey of Guinea made by Master James Welsh, who set foorth in the yeere 1588. In The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (Vol. 6, pp. 450–458). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107286306.056

Gilbert, P. (2022). Nigerian Internet and mobile penetration grows. Connecting Africa. http://www.connectingafrica.com/author.asp?section_id=761&doc_id=767400

Hales, R., & Conru, K. (2016). W. O. Oldman: The Remarkable Collector. Published by the authors.

Webster, W. D. & Leen, J. G. B. (2017). W.D. Webster Illustrated Catalogue of Ethnographical Specimens - Second Edition: Indexed Photographic Reference. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Long, R. A. (1993). Margaret Webster Plass: 1896-1990. African Arts, 26(2), 91–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337141

Fagg, W. (1990). In Memoriam: Margaret Plass 1896-1990. African Arts, 23(3), 32–32.

Coote, J., & Edwards, E. (1997). Images of Benin at the Pitt Rivers Museum. African Arts, 30(4), 26–35, 93. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337551

Basu, P. (2016). N.W. Thomas and colonial anthropology in British West Africa: Reappraising a cautionary tale. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 22(1), 84–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12335

Thomas, N. W. (1910). Anthropological report on the Edo-speaking peoples of Nigeria. Harrison and Sons. http://archive.org/details/anthropologicalr00thom

N. W. Thomas. (n.d.). [Re:]Entanglements. Retrieved 23 May 2023, from https://re-entanglements.net/thomas/

Blackmun, B. W. (1983). Reading a Royal Altar Tusk. In P. Ben-Amos & A. Rubin (Eds.), The Art of Power The Power of Art: Studies in Benin Iconography (pp. 59–70). Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, UCLA.

Hagen, K. (1906). Altertümer von Benin im Hambugischen Museum für Völkerkünde, Teil II. In Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Völkerkunde in Hamburg (p. 90). Kommissionverlag von Lucas Gräfe & Sillem. https://archive.org/embed/mitteilungenausd5619hamb

Zetterstrom-Sharp, J. T., & Wingfield, C. (2019). A ‘safe space’ to debate colonial legacy? The University of Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology and the campaign to return a looted Benin altarpiece to Nigeria. Museum Worlds, 7(1), 1–22.

Jones, G. I. (1974). Social Anthropology in Nigeria During the Colonial Period. Africa, 44(3), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.2307/1158394

Marquart, J. (1913). Die Benin-Sammlung des Reichsmuseums für Völkerkunde in Leiden: Beschrieben und mit ausführlichen Prolegomena zur Geschichte der Handelswege und Völkerbewegungen in Nordafrika. E.J. Brill.

Eisenhofer, S. (1997). Felix von Luschan and Early German-Language Benin Studies. African Arts, 30(3), 62–67.

Pugh, C. L. (2022). “We shall be telling our own stories”: Bernie Grant, the Africa Reparations Movement, and the restitution of the Benin bronzes. Politique Africaine, 165(1), 143–166.

Statue for Wellesley; 1625 Bronze to Be Featured at Art Show Tomorrow. (1955, November 20). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1955/11/20/archives/statue-for-wellesley-1625-bronze-to-be-featured-at-art-show.html

Flint-Gohlke, L. (1993). Davis Museum and Cultural Center: History and holdings. Wellesley College. http://archive.org/details/davismuseumcultu0000unse

Ickeringill, N. (1966, October 24). The Schindlers Share Their Home With a Large Family—Of Sculptures; Maybe Stanford White. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/24/archives/the-schindlers-share-their-home-with-a-large-familyof-sculptures.html

Grunne, B. de. (2021). Benin: Ivory Scepters. Brussels: B. de Grunne. https://vebuka.com/print/210817121523-7276ac6376d3d443115275a7239d926f/Benin_-_Ivory_Scepters

Anderson, M. G., & Aronson, L. (Eds.). (2017). African Photographer J. A. Green. Indiana University Press. https://iupress.org/9780253028952/african-photographer-j-a-green/

Anderson, H. (2021). Revealing Relationships: Colonial Photograph Albums of the Niger Delta at the British Museum: A Case Study. African Arts, 54(4), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00621

Meyerowitz, E. L. R. (1940). 155. Four Pre-Portuguese Bronze Castings from Benin. Man, 40, 129–132. https://doi.org/10.2307/2792979

Meyerowitz, E. L. R. (1941). Ancient Nigerian Bronzes-II. The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, 79(463), 121–126.

Meyerowitz, E. L. R. (1943). Ancient Bronzes in the Royal Palace at Benin. The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, 83(487), 248–253.

Goodwin, A. J. H. (1957). Archaeology and Benin Architecture. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 1(2), 65–85.

Wille, R. (2019). Ausgezeichnet: Künstlerinnen des Inventar. Museum am Rothenbaum – Kulturen und Künste der Welt (MARKK).

Dapper, O. (1668). Naukeurige beschrijvinge der Afrikaensche gewesten van Egypten, Barbaryen, Libyen, Biledulgerid, Negroslant, Guinea, Ethiopiën, Abyssinie ...: Getrokken uit verscheyde hedendaegse lantbeschrijvers en geschriften van bereisde ondersoekers dier landen. Jacob van Meurs. http://archive.org/details/gri_33125009359999

Nicklin, K. (1981). Ethnography at the Powell-Cotton Museum. Newsletter (Museum Ethnographers Group), 11, 35–41.

Powell-Cotton, P. H. G. (1932). 329. Benin Brass Castings and Handicrafts in the Cameroons. Man, 32, 284–284. https://doi.org/10.2307/2789807

Ebohon, O. (2019). Eguae Oba N’Edo: The Palace of the Oba of Benin, Second and Revised Edition. Benin City: Ebohon Centre Publications.

Hess, C. (1983). Unconventional Carving: Stools and Coconut Shells. In P. Ben-Amos & A. Rubin (Eds.), The Art of Power The Power of Art: Studies in Benin Iconography (pp. 41–48). Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, UCLA.

Pezzati, A. (2012). A Brief History of the Penn Museum. Expedition, 54(3), 5–19. https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/54-3/A_Brief_History.pdf

Habib, J. (2014). Encounters and the Diasporic Art of Africa: An Interview with Allyson Purpura, Curator of African Art, Krannert Art Museum, University of Illinois. Anthropologica, 56(1), 229–237.

Punch, C. (1908). 44. Further Note on the Relation of the Bronze Heads to the Carved Tusks, Benin City. Man, 8, 84–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/2839490

Geary, C. M. (1997). Early Images from Benin at the National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution. African Arts, 30(3), 44–93. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337499

Staples, A., Freyer, B., & Kaplan, F. E. S. (2017). Fragile Legacies: The Photographs of Solomon Osagie Alonge. National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution/National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria. In association with D. Giles Limited.

Auslander, M. (2016). Review of Chief S.O. Alonge: Photographer to the Royal Court of Benin, Nigeria [Review of Review of Chief S.O. Alonge: Photographer to the Royal Court of Benin, Nigeria, by N. M. of A. Art]. African Arts, 49(1), 88–91.

Ezra, K. (2019). Barbara Winston Blackmun 1928–2018. African Arts, 52(1), 11–13. https://doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00442

Sydow, E. von. (1943). Im reiche gottähnlicher herrscher: Streifzüge durch West-afrika. Gustav Wenzel & Sohn.

Linser, M. (2019, July 23). 1898-1899: Wenn Kulturgüter zu Waren werden. Verkauf einer Breslauer Benin-Sammlung. Translocations. Ikonographie: Eine Sammlung kommentierter Bildquellen zu Kulturgutverlagerungen seit der Antike. https://transliconog.hypotheses.org/kommentierte-bilder-2/1898-99-wenn-kulturgueter-zu-waren-werden-verkauf-einer-breslauer-benin-sammlung

Bodenstein, F. (2018, May 16). 1897-1900: William Downing Webster and the ivory tusks. Translocations. Ikonographie: A collection of commented image sources on cultural heritage relocations since antiquity. https://transliconog.hypotheses.org/kommentierte-bilder-2/william-downing-webster-and-the-ivory-tusks

Ben-Amos, P. (1975). Professionals and Amateurs in Benin Court Carving. In D. F. McCall & E. G. Bay (Eds.), African Images: Essays in African Iconology: Vol. VI (pp. 170–179). New York: African Publishing Company for the African Studies Center, Boston University. https://archive.org/details/africanimagesess0006unse/page/90/mode/2up

Blench, R. M. (1995). The Work of N. W. Thomas as Government Anthropologist in Nigeria. Nigerian Field, 60, 20–28.

Dorward, D. (2003). African Art and Artefacts in Antipodean Museums. The Australasian Review of African Studies, 25(1), 97–101. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.374292847657752

Lang, S., Nicklisch, A., Oestermann, T., & Schulz, R. (2021). Den Sammlern auf der Spur: Provenienzforschung zu kolonialen Kontexten am Roemer- und Pelizaeus- Museum Hildesheim 2017/18. (C. Andratschke, Hrsg.). Heidelberg: arthistoricum.net. https://doi.org/10.11588/arthistoricum.742

Welsh, S. 2021. Manchester Museum Benin Survey. www.stxwelsh.com, for full digitised report, see the Manchester Museum archives space on Digital Benin.

Blackmore, H. L. (1976). The Armouries of the Tower of London: Ordnance / H.L. Blackmore. 1. H.M. Stationery Office.

Smith, R. D., & Smith, R. B. (2000). A 16th-century Portuguese bronze breech-loading swivel gun in the British Museum. In P. Abbott (Ed.), Royal Armouries Yearbook (Vol. 5, pp. 80–84). Royal Armouries, H.M Stationary Office.

Bosman, W. (1704). Nauwkeurige beschryving van de Guinese Goud- Tand- en Slave-kust,: Nevens alle desselfs landen, koningryken, en gemenebesten, van de zeeden der inwoonders, hun godsdienst, regeering, regtspleeging, oorlogen, trouwen, begraven, enz. Mitsgaders de gesteltheid des lands, veld- en boomgewassen, alderhande dieren, zo wilde als tamme, viervoetige en kruipende, als ook ’t pluim-gedierte, vissen en andere zeldzaamheden meer, tot nog toe de Europeërs onbekend; t’Utrecht, : by Anthony Schouten, boekverkoper in de Korte Jans-straat. http://archive.org/details/nauwkeurigebesch00bosm_1

Barbot, J. (1732). A description of the coasts of North and South-Guinea, and of Ethiopia Inferior, vulgarly Angola ... With appendix. [London] : [publisher not identified]. http://archive.org/details/b30453549

Blake, J. W. (John W. (1969). European beginnings in West Africa, 1454-1578; a survey of the first century of white enterprise in West Africa, with special emphasis upon the rivalry of the great powers. Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press. http://archive.org/details/europeanbeginnin0000blak

Balfour, H. (1903). ‘Thunderbolt’ Celts from Benin. Man, 3, 182–183. https://doi.org/10.2307/2840539

Landolphe, J.-F. (1823). Mémoires du capitaine Landolphe,: Contenant l’histoire de ses voyages pendant trente-six ans, aux côtes d’Afrique et aux deux Amériques; A Paris : Chez Arthus Bertrand, libraire, rue Hautefeuille, no 23 : Pillet ainé, imprimeur-libraire, rue Christine, no 5. http://archive.org/details/mmoiresducapitai02land

Pereira, D. P. (1937). Esmeraldo De Situ Orbis. The Hakluyt Society; London. http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1658

Adams, J. (2010). Remarks on the Country Extending from Cape Palmas to the River Congo: Including Observations on the Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants. G. and W.B. Whittaker.

Clapperton, H., Salamâe, A. V., & Lander, R. L. (1829). Journal of a second expedition into the interior of Africa, from the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo. J. Murray. http://archive.org/details/journalofsecond00clap

Pinnock, J. (1897). Benin: The surrounding country, inhabitants, customs, and trade. Liverpool Journal of Commerce. http://archive.org/details/beninsurrounding00pinn

Read, C. H., & Dalton, O. M. (1899). Antiquities from the city of Benin and from other parts of West Africa in the British Museum. British Museum. http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/u?/p16028coll4,10013

Dalton, O. M. (1898, January). Booty from Benin. The English Illustrated Magazine, 18(172), 419–429.

Burton, R. F. (1863). Wanderings in West Africa from Liverpool to Fernando Po (Vol. 2). London : Tinsley brothers. http://archive.org/details/wanderingsinwest02burtiala

Burton, R. F. (1863). Wanderings in West Africa from Liverpool to Fernando Po (Vol. 1). London : Tinsley brothers. http://archive.org/details/wanderingsinwest01burt

Crow, H. (1830). Memoirs of ... Captain Hugh Crow of Liverpool. Comprising a narrative of his life, together with descriptive sketches of the Western coast of Africa. Particularly of Bonny; the manners and customs of the inhabitants, the productions of the soil, and the trade of the country. To which are added anecdotes and observations, illustrative of the negro character ... London : Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. http://archive.org/details/b29330725

Balfour, H. (1929). Concerning Thunderbolts (Continued). Folklore, 40(2), 168–172.

Anguiano, M. de. (1950). Misiones capuchinas en Africa (Vol. 1). Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo. http://archive.org/details/misionescapuchin00angu

Anguiano, M. de. (1950). Misiones capuchinas en Africa (Vol. 2). Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo. http://archive.org/details/misionescapuchin02angu

Through the swamps to Benin. (1897). Macmillan’s Magazine, 75, 336–342. https://archive.org/embed/macmillansmagazi75macmuoft

Luschan, F. von. (1919). Die Altertümer von Benin (Tafel 1-50) (Vol. 2). Georg Reimer. https://www.about-africa.de/buecher/AltertuemerVonBeninBand2/

Luschan, F. von. (1919). Die Altertümer von Benin (Tafel 51-129) (Vol. 3). Georg Reimer. https://www.about-africa.de/buecher/AltertuemerVonBeninBand3/

Östberg, W. (2010). Whose objects? Art treasures from the kingdom of Benin in the collection of the Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm. Etnografiska museet. https://archive.org/details/whoseobjectsartt0000unse

Jungwirth, M. (1968). Benin in den Jahren 1485-1700. Ein Kulturund Geschichtsbild. Verl. Notring

Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz & Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2022). Agreement on the Return of Benin Bronzes between the Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz and the Federal Republic of Nigeria. https://www.preussischer-kulturbesitz.de/fileadmin/user_upload_SPK/documents/presse/pressemitteilungen/2023/Agreement_Benin_Bronzes.pdf

Basu, P. (2020) Celt. Sacred stone axes on Benin altars. [Re:]Entanglements blog, 29th April. https://re-entanglements.net/tag/celt/

Willett, F. (1973). The Benin Museum Collection. African Arts, 6(4), 8–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/3334794

Willett, F., & Sayre, E. V. (2000). The Elemental Composition of Benin Memorial Heads*. Archaeometry, 42(1), 159–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2000.tb00874.x

Edjabe, N. (Ed.). (2019). FESTAC ’77: 2nd World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture. Afterall Books.

Connah, G. (1964). Polished Stone Axes in Benin. Nigerian National Press

Vogel, S. M. (1978). Art and Politics: A Staff from the Court of Benin, West Africa. Metropolitan Museum Journal, 13, 87–100. https://doi.org/10.2307/1512713

Luschan, F. von. (1919). Die Altertümer von Benin (Textband) (Vol. 1). Georg Reimer. https://www.about-africa.de/buecher/AltertuemerVonBeninBand1/index.htm

Metzig, G. (2016). Corals, Brass and Firearms. Material Commodities in Cultural Interactions between Edo and Portuguese in Benin around 1500. In H. Rudolph (Ed.), Band 17 Material Culture in Modern Diplomacy from the 15th to the 20th Century (pp. 29-54). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110463217-002

Inneh, D. (2007). The Guild Working for the Palace. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. (pp. 103–117). Ghent: Snoeck.

Smith, R. S. (1976). Warfare and diplomacy in pre-colonial West Africa. London : Methuen; New York: distributed by Harper & Row, Barnes and Noble Import Division. http://archive.org/details/warfarediplomacy0000smit

Nevadomsky, J., Lawson, N., & Hazlett, K. (2014). An Ethnographic and Space Syntax Analysis of Benin Kingdom Nobility Architecture. African Archaeological Review, 31(1), 59–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-014-9151-x

Gore, C. (2007) ‘Conceptualising Royal, Community and Personal Shrines in the Edo Kingdom’ in B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. (pp.131-140). Ghent: Snoeck.

Ben-Amos, P. (1995). The Art of Benin (ed). Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A., & Okpoko, A. I. (2004). Curatorship of Benin Cultural Materials: Towards Integrating Indigenous and Orthodox Methods. African Study Monographs, 25(4), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.14989/68234

Dark, P. J. C. (1973). An introduction to Benin art and technology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Dark, P. J. C. (1982). An illustrated catalogue of Benin art. Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall.

Dark, P. J. C., Fuller, E. W. C., & Rogers D. Spotswood Collection. (1962). The Art of Benin: A Catalogue of an Exhibition of the A.W. F. Fuller and Chicago Natural History Museum Collections of Antiquities from Benin, Nigeria. Chicago Natural History Museum.

Egharevba, J. (1949). Benin law and customs. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Niger Press.

Blackmun, B. W. (1984). The Iconography of Carved Ivory Tusks from Benin, Nigeria [PhD, University of California]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. https://www.proquest.com/docview/303299830/previewPDF/A4E818434F514F97PQ/1?accountid=9851

Dark, P. J. C. (1975). Benin Bronze Heads: Styles and Chronology. In E. G. Bay & D. F. McCall (Eds.), African images: Essays in African iconology: Vol. VI (pp. 25–103). New York: Africana Publishing Company for the African Studies Center, Boston University. http://archive.org/details/africanimagesess0006unse

Vogel, S. M. (1983). Rapacious Birds and Severed Heads: Early Bronze Rings from Nigeria. Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, 10, 330–357. https://doi.org/10.2307/4104344

Nevadomsky, J. (1989). The iconography of Benin brass rings. Tribus, 38, 59–70. https://www.digi-hub.de/viewer/image/1510314786752/61/LOG_0042/

Egharevba, J. U. (1968) A Short History of Benin. Fourth Edition. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.

Kaplan, F. E. S. (1993). Iyoba, the Queen Mother of Benin: Images and Ambiguity in Gender and Sex Roles in Court Arts. Art History, 16(3), 386–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8365.1993.tb00533.x

Emovon, E. (2017). The Benin Traditional Marriage Ceremony. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). In From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage. (pp. 93–114). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Webster, W. D. (1899). Illustrated Catalogue of Ethnological Specimens. European and Eastern Arms and Armour. Prehistoric and Other Curiosities (Vol. 3). Bicester: Oxford House.

Egharevba, J. (1969). Descriptive Catalogue of Benin Arts. Benin City: Eribo Printers.

Igbe, S. O. U. (2017). Izomo—The Benin Traditional Naming Ceremony. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). In From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 123–130). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Nevadomsky, J. (2005). Casting in Contemporary Benin Art. African Arts, 38(2), 66–96.

Plankensteiner, B. (2007). Benin: Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. African Arts, 40(4), 74–87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20447858

Roth, H. L. (1903). Great Benin: Its customs, art and horrors. Halifax: F. King & Sons, Ltd. http://archive.org/details/greatbeninitscus00roth

Peek, P. M. (2020). The Lower Niger Bronzes: Beyond Igbo-Ukwu, Ife, and Benin. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003016229

Nevadomsky, J. (1986). The Benin Bronze Horseman as the Ata of Idah. African Arts, 19(4), 40–47, 85. https://doi.org/10.2307/3336286

Fagg, W. B. (1963). Nigerian Images. London: Lund Humphries Publishers; Connecticut: Praeger.

Bradbury, E. (Ed.) (1973). Benin studies. International African Institute, University Press.

Sogbesan, O., & Laotan-Brown, T. (2022). Reflections on the Customary Laws of Benin Kingdom and Its Living Cultural Objects in the Discourse of Ownership and Restitution. Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2022(2/2022 (8)), Article 2/2022 (8). https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSNR.22.011.17024

Nevadomsky, J. (2015). Photographic Representations of the Oba in the Contemporary Art of the Benin Kingdom. Critical Interventions, 9(3), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/19301944.2016.1159474